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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Restriktionsfaktor</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Restriktionsfaktoren</b> (auch <i>Resistenzfaktoren</i>) sind <a href="Protein" title="Protein">Proteine</a> innerhalb einer <a href="Zelle_(Biologie)" title="Zelle (Biologie)">Zelle</a>, die eine <a href="Infektion" title="Infektion">Infektion</a> behindern. Sie vermitteln einer Zelle ein gewisses Maß an <a href="Resistenz" title="Resistenz">Resistenz</a> gegenüber einem <a href="Pathogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogen">Pathogen</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>Restriktionsfaktoren greifen hemmend in Teile des <a href="Replikationszyklus" title="Replikationszyklus">Replikationszyklus</a> eines Pathogens ein.<sup id="cite_ref-Colomer-Lluch_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colomer-Lluch-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dadurch wird die Vermehrung eines Pathogens teilweise gehemmt. Manche Restriktionsfaktoren aktivieren darüber hinaus die <a href="Angeborene_Immunantwort" title="Angeborene Immunantwort">angeborene Immunantwort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Colomer-Lluch_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colomer-Lluch-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allerdings haben manche Restriktionsfaktoren nicht nur eine Wirkung auf Pathogene, sondern teilweise auch nachteilige Wirkungen auf die Wirtszelle.<sup id="cite_ref-Sauter_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sauter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Einige Restriktionsfaktoren haben antibakterielle Wirkungen (z. B. <a href="Antimikrobielle_Peptide" title="Antimikrobielle Peptide">antimikrobielle Peptide</a>), andere antivirale Wirkungen (z. B. <a href="Antivirales_Protein" title="Antivirales Protein">antivirale Proteine</a>).
</p><p>Restriktionsfaktoren wurden für eine Vielzahl an Pathogenen beschrieben, darunter <a href="HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Colomer-Lluch_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colomer-Lluch-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jia_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Foamyviren" class="mw-redirect" title="Foamyviren">Foamyviren</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PMID33803830_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID33803830-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Arboviren" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboviren">Arboviren</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Elrefaey_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elrefaey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Hepatitis-C-Virus" title="Hepatitis-C-Virus">Hepatitis-C-Virus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PMID26819515_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID26819515-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Influenza-A-Virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenza-A-Virus">Influenza-A-Virus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Villalón-Letelier_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villalón-Letelier-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McKellar_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKellar-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Humane_Papillomviren" title="Humane Papillomviren">Humane Papillomviren</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PMID27863967_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID27863967-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Plasmodien" title="Plasmodien">Plasmodien</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Simões_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simões-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Denguevirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Denguevirus">Denguevirus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Simões_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simões-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Zikavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Zikavirus">Zikavirus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Simões_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simões-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Bunyaviren" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunyaviren">Bunyaviren</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lerolle_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lerolle-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Humanes_Cytomegalievirus" title="Humanes Cytomegalievirus">Humanes Cytomegalievirus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PMID27563536_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID27563536-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Enteroviren" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteroviren">Enteroviren</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PMID35603180_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID35603180-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Paramyxoviridae" title="Paramyxoviridae">Paramyxoviren</a><sup id="cite_ref-Farrukee_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farrukee-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und <a href="Pneumoviren" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumoviren">Pneumoviren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Farrukee_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farrukee-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h2></div>
<p>Beispiele für Restriktionsfaktoren umfassen <a href="APOBEC3G" class="mw-redirect" title="APOBEC3G">APOBEC3G</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Colomer-Lluch_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colomer-Lluch-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="SAMHD1" title="SAMHD1">SAMHD1</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Colomer-Lluch_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colomer-Lluch-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Tetherin" title="Tetherin">Tetherin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Colomer-Lluch_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colomer-Lluch-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="TRIM5%CE%B1" title="TRIM5α">TRIM5α</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Colomer-Lluch_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colomer-Lluch-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="RIG-I" title="RIG-I">RIG-I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Elrefaey_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elrefaey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="MDA5" title="MDA5">MDA5</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Elrefaey_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elrefaey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> verschiedene <a href="Interferon" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon">Interferon</a>-stimulierte <a href="Gen" title="Gen">Gene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Villalón-Letelier_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villalón-Letelier-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McKellar_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKellar-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMID33152343_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID33152343-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interferon-induced Transmembrane Proteins,<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lymphocyte Antigen 6 Complex Locus E<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und <a href="Antimikrobielle_Peptide" title="Antimikrobielle Peptide">antimikrobielle Peptide</a>. Manche Restriktionsfaktoren treten evolutionsgeschichtlich bereits bei <a href="Wirbellose" title="Wirbellose">Wirbellosen</a> auf,<sup id="cite_ref-PMID28102430_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID28102430-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> andere sogar bereits bei <a href="Hefen" title="Hefen">Hefen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID25157258_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID25157258-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bei Bakterien dienen <a href="Restriktionsenzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Restriktionsenzyme">Restriktionsenzyme</a> und <a href="CRISPR" title="CRISPR">CRISPR</a> einem Abbau zellfremder <a href="Nukleins%C3%A4ure" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukleinsäure">Nukleinsäuren</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>W. E. Johnson: <i>Rapid adversarial co-evolution of viruses and cellular restriction factors.</i> In: <i>Current topics in microbiology and immunology.</i> Band 371, 2013, S. 123–151, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37765-5_5">10.1007/978-3-642-37765-5_5</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23686234?dopt=Abstract">PMID 23686234</a>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Colomer-Lluch-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Colomer-Lluch_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Colomer-Lluch_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Colomer-Lluch_1-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Colomer-Lluch_1-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Colomer-Lluch_1-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Colomer-Lluch_1-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Colomer-Lluch_1-6">g</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Colomer-Lluch, A. Ruiz, A. Moris, J. G. Prado: <i>Restriction Factors: From Intrinsic Viral Restriction to Shaping Cellular Immunity Against HIV-1.</i> In: <i>Frontiers in immunology.</i> Band 9, 2018, S. 2876, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02876">10.3389/fimmu.2018.02876</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30574147?dopt=Abstract">PMID 30574147</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6291751/">PMC 6291751</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sauter-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sauter_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Sauter, F. Kirchhoff: <i>Evolutionary conflicts and adverse effects of antiviral factors.</i> In: <i>eLife.</i> Band 10, 01 2021, S. , <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.65243">10.7554/eLife.65243</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33450175?dopt=Abstract">PMID 33450175</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7811402/">PMC 7811402</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Jia-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Jia_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">X. Jia, Q. Zhao, Y. Xiong: <i>HIV suppression by host restriction factors and viral immune evasion.</i> In: <i>Current opinion in structural biology.</i> Band 31, April 2015, S. 106–114, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2015.04.004">10.1016/j.sbi.2015.04.004</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25939065?dopt=Abstract">PMID 25939065</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4476947/">PMC 4476947</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PMID33803830-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID33803830_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. A. Jaguva Vasudevan, D. Becker, T. Luedde, H. Gohlke, C. Münk: <i>Foamy Viruses, Bet, and APOBEC3 Restriction.</i> In: <i>Viruses.</i> Band 13, Nummer 3, 03 2021, S. , <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/v13030504">10.3390/v13030504</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33803830?dopt=Abstract">PMID 33803830</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8003144/">PMC 8003144</a> (freier Volltext) (Review).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Elrefaey-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Elrefaey_5-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Elrefaey_5-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Elrefaey_5-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">A. M. Elrefaey, R. Abdelnabi, A. L. Rosales Rosas, L. Wang, S. Basu, L. Delang: <i>Understanding the Mechanisms Underlying Host Restriction of Insect-Specific Viruses.</i> In: <i>Viruses.</i> Band 12, Nummer 9, 08 2020, S. , <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/v12090964">10.3390/v12090964</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32878245?dopt=Abstract">PMID 32878245</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7552076/">PMC 7552076</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PMID26819515-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID26819515_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Y. Zhou, L. L. Zhang: <i>Host restriction factors for hepatitis C virus.</i> In: <i>World Journal of Gastroenterology.</i> Band 22, Nummer 4, Januar 2016, S. 1477–1486, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i4.1477">10.3748/wjg.v22.i4.1477</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26819515?dopt=Abstract">PMID 26819515</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4721981/">PMC 4721981</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Evans-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Evans_7-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Evans_7-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Evans_7-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">J. P. Evans, S. L. Liu: <i>Role of host factors in SARS-CoV-2 entry.</i> In: <i><a href="Journal_of_Biological_Chemistry" title="Journal of Biological Chemistry">Journal of Biological Chemistry</a>.</i> Band 297, Nummer 1, 07 2021, S. 100847, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100847">10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100847</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34058196?dopt=Abstract">PMID 34058196</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8160279/">PMC 8160279</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Villalón-Letelier-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Villalón-Letelier_8-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Villalón-Letelier_8-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Villalón-Letelier, A. G. Brooks, P. M. Saunders, S. L. Londrigan, P. C. Reading: <i>Host Cell Restriction Factors that Limit Influenza A Infection.</i> In: <i>Viruses.</i> Band 9, Nummer 12, 12 2017, S. , <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/v9120376">10.3390/v9120376</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29215570?dopt=Abstract">PMID 29215570</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5744151/">PMC 5744151</a> (freier Volltext) (Review).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-McKellar-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McKellar_9-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McKellar_9-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">J. McKellar, A. Rebendenne, M. Wencker, O. Moncorgé, C. Goujon: <i>Mammalian and Avian Host Cell Influenza A Restriction Factors.</i> In: <i>Viruses.</i> Band 13, Nummer 3, 03 2021, S. , <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/v13030522">10.3390/v13030522</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33810083?dopt=Abstract">PMID 33810083</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8005160/">PMC 8005160</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-PMID27863967-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID27863967_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. S. Porter, W. H. Stepp, J. D. Stamos, A. A. McBride: <i>Host cell restriction factors that limit transcription and replication of human papillomavirus.</i> In: <i>Virus research.</i> Band 231, 03 2017, S. 10–20, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.014">10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.014</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27863967?dopt=Abstract">PMID 27863967</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5325803/">PMC 5325803</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Simões-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Simões_11-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Simões_11-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Simões_11-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">M. L. Simões, E. P. Caragata, G. Dimopoulos: <i>Diverse Host and Restriction Factors Regulate Mosquito-Pathogen Interactions.</i> In: <i>Trends in parasitology.</i> Band 34, Nummer 7, 07 2018, S. 603–616, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.04.011">10.1016/j.pt.2018.04.011</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29793806?dopt=Abstract">PMID 29793806</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Lerolle-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lerolle_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Lerolle, N. Freitas, F. L. Cosset, V. Legros: <i>Host Cell Restriction Factors of Bunyaviruses and Viral Countermeasures.</i> In: <i>Viruses.</i> Band 13, Nummer 5, 04 2021, S. , <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/v13050784">10.3390/v13050784</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33925004?dopt=Abstract">PMID 33925004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8146327/">PMC 8146327</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-PMID27563536-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID27563536_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Landolfo, M. De Andrea, V. Dell'Oste, F. Gugliesi: <i>Intrinsic host restriction factors of human cytomegalovirus replication and mechanisms of viral escape.</i> In: <i>World journal of virology.</i> Band 5, Nummer 3, August 2016, S. 87–96, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v5.i3.87">10.5501/wjv.v5.i3.87</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27563536?dopt=Abstract">PMID 27563536</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4981826/">PMC 4981826</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-PMID35603180-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID35603180_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Huan, X. Qu, Z. Li: <i>Host Restrictive Factors Are the Emerging Storm Troopers Against Enterovirus: A Mini-Review.</i> In: <i>Frontiers in immunology.</i> Band 13, 2022, S. 910780, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.910780">10.3389/fimmu.2022.910780</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35603180?dopt=Abstract">PMID 35603180</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9114347/">PMC 9114347</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Farrukee-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Farrukee_15-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Farrukee_15-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Farrukee, M. Ait-Goughoulte, P. M. Saunders, S. L. Londrigan, P. C. Reading: <i>Host Cell Restriction Factors of Paramyxoviruses and Pneumoviruses.</i> In: <i>Viruses.</i> Band 12, Nummer 12, 12 2020, S. , <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/v12121381">10.3390/v12121381</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33276587?dopt=Abstract">PMID 33276587</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7761617/">PMC 7761617</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Jones-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. E. Jones, W. S. Tan, F. Grey, D. J. Hughes: <i>Discovering antiviral restriction factors and pathways using genetic screens.</i> In: <i>The Journal of general virology.</i> Band 102, Nummer 5, 05 2021, S. , <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001603">10.1099/jgv.0.001603</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34020727?dopt=Abstract">PMID 34020727</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8295917/">PMC 8295917</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
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